tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66565808492835304042024-03-13T20:04:09.089+07:00KIM-ASYIKMaria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.comBlogger133125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-36632432459852257852016-04-25T22:04:00.000+07:002016-04-25T22:04:40.679+07:00Ulangan Asam Basa<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sebanyak 20 mL
larutan HCl 0,1 <i>M </i>dititrasi dengan larutan KOH 0,1 <i>M</i>. Hitunglah</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">H larutan:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a, pH sebelum titrasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. setelah
ditambah KOH sebanyak 30 mL</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. setelah ditambah KOH sebanyak 10 mL</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.85pt; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">2. Hitunglah pH </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.85pt; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. 0,02 M H<sub>2</sub>SO4</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. 0,1 M
HCN (Ka= 4.10<sup>5</sup>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.85pt; margin-right: -2.85pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. 0,02 M Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d, 0,1 M
anilin (Kb=4.10<sup>5</sup>)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Mana yang berfungsi sebagai asam, basa,
asam konjugasi, dan basa konjugasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari reaksi-reaksi berikut?</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> CN– + H2O </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">↔
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">HCN
+ OH–</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-
</sup>+ NH<sub>3</sub> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">↔</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">.
HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2 </sup>+ NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span></div>
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<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">c,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">NH4<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">↔ </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">NH3 + H2O</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d. S<sup>2–</sup> + H2O</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">↔</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> HS<sup>–</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. 0,2 M HCl dengan volume 10 ml diencerkan sehingga konsrntrasinya
0,04 M. Berapa volume yang harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditambahkan?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-27096192227901853652011-10-11T17:19:00.003+07:002011-10-11T17:37:54.719+07:00ElektrolisisSeorang ahli dari Inggris bernama Michael Faraday mengalirkan arus listrik ke dalam larutan elektrolit dan ternyata terjadi suatu reaksi kimia. Proses penggunaan arus listrik untuk menghasilkan reaksi kimia disebut sel elektrolisis.<br />Arus listrik ini bisa berasal dari sel volta.<br />Dalam setiap ketentuan reaksi elektrolisis terjadi persaingan antarspesi (ion atau molekul) untuk mengalami reaksi reduksi atau reaksi oksidasi. Setiap zat yang mempunyai kemampuan reduksi besar akan mengalami reaksi reduksi dan setiap zat yang mempunyai kemampuan oksidasi besar akan mengalami reaksi oksidasi.<br />A. Sel Elektrolisis Bentuk Lelehan/Cairan/Liquid<br />Sel bentuk ini hanya berlaku untuk senyawa ionik dengan tidak ada zat<br />pelarut (tidak ada H2O). Hanya ada kation dan anion.<br />Katode : Kation langsung direduksi (X<sup>+</sup> (aq) + e–---> X(s))<br />Anode : Anion langsung dioksidasi (Y(s) ---> Y<sup>+</sup> (aq) + e<sup>–</sup>).<br />Kation golongan utama atau golongan transisi langsung direduksi.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Contoh soal</span><br />1. Tuliskan reaksi elektrolisis cairan NaCI dengan elektrode platina!<br />Jawab:<br />NaCl(l)---> Na<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>–<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............................</span></sup>............... × 2<br />Katode (Pt) : Na<sup>+</sup> + e–--->Na(s) <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">....</span>............... × 2<br />Anode (Pt) : 2 Cl<sup>–</sup> ---->Cl2(g) + 2 e–............... × 1<br />2 NaCl(l) --->2 Na(s) + Cl2 (g)<br />2. Tuliskan reaksi elektrolisis lelehan Ag2O dengan elektrode Pt!<br />Jawab:<br />Ag2O(l)---> 2 Ag<sup>+</sup> + O<sup>2–</sup><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.......................</span>................ × 2<br />Katode (Pt) : 2 Ag<sup>+</sup> + 2 e–---> 2 Ag(s) ............... × 2<br />Anode (Pt) : 2 O<sup>2–</sup> --->O2(g) + 4 e– ............... × 1<br />2 Ag2O(l)---> 4 Ag(s) + O2(g)Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-40134480913190427862011-10-11T12:58:00.002+07:002011-10-11T17:15:20.682+07:00KorosiKorosi adalah teroksidasinya suatu logam. Dalam kehidupan seharihari, besi yang teroksidasi disebut dengan karat dengan rumus Fe2O3· xH2O.<br />Proses perkaratan termasuk proses elektrokimia, di mana logam Fe yang teroksidasi bertindak sebagai anode dan oksigen yang terlarut dalam air yang ada pada permukaan besi bertindak sebagai katode.<br />Reaksi perkaratan:<br />Anode : Fe --->Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e–<br />Katode : O2 + 2 H2 O + 4 e– --->4 OH<sup>–</sup><br />Fe<sup>2+</sup> yang dihasilkan, berangsur-angsur akan dioksidasi membentuk Fe<sup>3+</sup>.<br />Sedangkan OH– akan bergabung dengan elektrolit yang ada di alam atau dengan ion H<sup>+</sup> dari terlarutnya oksida asam (SO2, NO2) dari hasil perubahan dengan air hujan. Dari hasil reaksi di atas akan dihasilkan karat dengan rumus senyawa Fe2O3·xH2O. Karat ini bersifat katalis untuk proses perkaratan berikutnya yang disebut autokatalis.<br />a. Kerugian<br />Besi yang terkena korosi akan bersifat rapuh dan tidak ada kekuatan.<br />Ini sangat membahayakan kalau besi tersebut digunakan sebagai pondasi bangunan atau jembatan. Senyawa karat juga membahayakan kesehatan, sehingga besi tidak bisa digunakan sebagai alat-alat masak, alat-alat industri makanan/farmasi/kimia.<br />b. Pencegahan<br />Pencegahan besi dari perkaratan bisa dilakukan dengan cara berikut.<br />1) Proses pelapisan<br />Besi dilapisi dengan suatu zat yang sukar ditembus oksigen. Hal ini dilakukan dengan cara dicat atau dilapisi dengan logam yang sukar teroksidasi. Logam yang digunakan adalah logam yang<br />terletak di sebelah kanan besi dalam deret volta (potensial reduksi lebih negatif dari besi). Contohnya: logam perak, emas, platina, timah, dan nikel.<br />2) Proses katode pelindung (proteksi katodik)<br />Besi dilindungi dari korosi dengan menempatkan besi sebagai katode, bukan sebagai anode. Dengan demikian besi dihubungkan dengan logam lain yang mudah teroksidasi, yaitu logam di sebelah kiri besi dalam deret volta (logam dengan potensial reduksi lebih<br />positif dari besi). Hanya saja logam Al dan Zn tidak bisa digunakan karena kedua<br />logam tersebut mudah teroksidasi, tetapi oksida yang terbentuk (A12O3/ZnO) bertindak sebagai inhibitor dengan cara menutup rapat logam yang di dalamnya, sehingga oksigen tidak mampu masuk dan tidak teroksidasi. Logam-logam alkali, seperti Na, K juga tidak<br />bisa digunakan karena akan bereaksi dengan adanya air. Logam yang paling sesuai untuk proteksi katodik bisa digunakan karena akan bereaksi dengan adanya air. Logam yang paling sesuai untuk proteksi katodik adalah logam magnesium (Mg). Logam Mg di sini<br />bertindak sebagai anode dan akan terserang karat sampai habis, sedang besi bertindak sebagai katode tidak mengalami korosi.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-9504655868338664122011-08-22T19:24:00.002+07:002011-08-22T19:31:14.809+07:00Ulangan Struktur Atom dan SPU 2 (kelas XIA)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> 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<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini</span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">a.Tulislah konfigurasi elektron singkat<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>unsur X(nomer atom= 25)</span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">b. Tulislah konfigurasi elektron X<sup>+2</sup> dengan nomer atom 20</span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Bilangan kuantum terakhir suatu unsur adalah n= 3. l= 2, m =+1, s = +1/2. Tentukan nomer atomnya</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Bilangan kuantum terakhir suatu unsur adalah n= 2 . l= 1 , m =1 , s = - ½. Tentukan nomer atomnya</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Tentukan bilangan kuantum elektron terakhir dari unsur Y dengan nomer atom 33</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Tentukan letak golongan dan periode dari</span></li><ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">22 Ti</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">31 Ga</span></li></ol><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Ramalkan bentuk molekul dari </span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">a.NF<sub>3</sub> dengan teori domain( nomor atom N=7, F=9)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">b.SCl<sub>6</sub> dengan teori hibridisasi(nomor atom S=16, Cl= 17)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">Dan gambarkan molekulnya</span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="7" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Gambarkan ikatan hidrogen dalam molekul H<sub>2</sub>O</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Prediksikan konfigurasi elektron dari Y (periode 5 , golongan II B)</span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span 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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini</span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">a.Tulislah konfigurasi elektron singkat<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>unsur X(nomer atom=39<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>)</span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">b. Tulislah konfigurasi elektron X<sup>+1</sup> dengan nomer atom<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>19</span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Bilangan kuantum terakhir suatu unsur adalah n= 3. l= 1 , m =0 , s = - ½. Tentukan nomer atomnya</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Bilangan kuantum terakhir suatu unsur adalah n= 2. l= 1 , m =0 , s = - ½. Tentukan nomer atomnya</span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV"> </span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Tentukan bilangan kuantum elektron terakhir dari unsur Y dengan nomer atom 24</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Tentukan letak golongan dan periode dari</span></li></ol> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1"><ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">25 Mn</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">35 Br</span></li></ol></ol> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="6" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Ramalkan bentuk molekul dari </span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">a.CCl<sub>4</sub><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>dengan teori domain( nomor atom<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>C=6, Cl=17)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">b.PCl<sub>5</sub> dengan teori hibridisasi(nomor atom P=15, Cl= 17)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">Dan gambarkan molekulnya</span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="7" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Gambarkan ikatan hidrogen dalam molekul HF</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV">Prediksikan konfigurasi elektron dari X (periode 5 , golongan III B)</span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:SV" lang="SV"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV" lang="SV">
<br /></span></p> Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-71245338377608013392011-08-14T22:58:00.005+07:002011-08-22T22:31:24.528+07:00Kegunaan Sel Volta
<br />Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, arus listrik yang dihasilkan dari suatu reaksi kimia dalam sel volta banyak kegunaannya, seperti untuk radio, kalkulator, televisi, kendaraan bermotor, dan lain-lain.Sel volta dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ada dalam bentuk berikut.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">a. Sel Baterai</span>
<br />1) Baterai Biasa
<br />Baterai yang sering kita gunakan disebut juga sel kering atau sel Lecanche. Dikatakan sel kering karena jumlah air yang dipakai sedikit (dibatasi). Sel ini terdiri atas:
<br />Anode : Logam seng (Zn) yang dipakai sebagai wadah.
<br />Katode : Batang karbon (tidak aktif).
<br />Elektrolit : Campuran berupa pasta yang terdiri dari MnO2,NH4Cl, dan sedikit air.
<br />Reaksi:
<br />Anode : Zn(s) --->Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2 e<sup>–</sup>
<br />Katode :2 MnO2(s) + 2 NH4<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2 e–--->Mn2O3(s) + 2 NH3(g) + H2O(l)
<br />
<br />
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JVw-l_b6904/Tkf1qQE90oI/AAAAAAAAA6E/pqqYKHfGWAM/s1600/leclanche-cell-001.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 171px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JVw-l_b6904/Tkf1qQE90oI/AAAAAAAAA6E/pqqYKHfGWAM/s320/leclanche-cell-001.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640747164523942530" border="0" /></a>
<br />
<br />2) Baterai Alkaline
<br />Pada baterai alkaline dapat dihasilkan energi dua kali lebih besar dibanding baterai biasa. Sel ini terdiri atas:
<br />Anode : Logam seng (Zn) yang sama seperti baterai biasa digunakan sebagai wadah.
<br />Katode : Oksida mangan (MnO2 ).
<br />Elektrolit : Kalium hidroksida (KOH).
<br />Reaksi:
<br />Anode : Zn(s)---> Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2 e<sup>–</sup>
<br />Katode : 2 MnO2+ H2O + 2 e<sup>–</sup>--->Mn2O3 + 2 OH<sup>–</sup>
<br />Ion Zn<sup>2+</sup> bereaksi dengan OH<sup>–</sup> membentuk Zn(OH) .
<br />
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JIVmbQUyyaw/TkginHZuVVI/AAAAAAAAA6M/pVomCg8mjwc/s1600/Alkaline%2BBattery%2BDiagram.PNG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 208px; height: 200px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JIVmbQUyyaw/TkginHZuVVI/AAAAAAAAA6M/pVomCg8mjwc/s320/Alkaline%2BBattery%2BDiagram.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640796588678731090" border="0" /></a>
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">b. Sel Aki</span>
<br />Sel aki atau accu merupakan contoh sel volta yang bersifat reversibel, di mana hasil reaksi dapat diubah kembali menjadi zat semula. Pada sel aki jika sudah lemah dapat diisi ulang, sedangkan
<br />pada sel baterai tidak bisa.
<br />Sel ini terdiri atas:
<br />Anode : Lempeng logam timbal (Pb).
<br />Katode : Lempeng logam oksida timbal (PbO2).
<br />Ektrolit : Larutan asam sulfat (H2SO4) encer.
<br />Reaksi pengosongan aki:
<br />Anode : Pb(s)<sup> +</sup>+ H2SO4 (aq) ---> PbSO4(s) + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2 e–
<br />Katode :PbO2(s) + SO4<sup>-2</sup> (aq)+ 3 H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2 e– --->PbSO4(aq) + 2 H2O
<br />______________________________________________________________+
<br />Reaksi lengkapnya:Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2SO4<sup>-2</sup> (aq) + 2 H<sup>+</sup>(aq)---> 2 PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O (l)
<br />Ketika sel ini menghasilkan arus listrik, anode Pb dan katode PbO2
<br />berubah membentuk PbSO4. Ion H+ dari H2SO4 berubah membentuk H2O sehingga konsentrasi H2SO4 akan berkurang. Kemudian sel aki dapat diisi/disetrum kembali, sehingga konsentrasi asam sulfat kembali seperti semula. Proses ini nanti merupakan contoh dalam sel elektrolisis.
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wwuMjmSq_kk/TlJ1EerNaWI/AAAAAAAAA6U/8AZeBeQ_tho/s1600/accu.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 254px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wwuMjmSq_kk/TlJ1EerNaWI/AAAAAAAAA6U/8AZeBeQ_tho/s320/accu.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643702002862877026" border="0" /></a>
<br />
<br />Sumber: <a href="http://www.infinitecables.com/ups_man.html">Infinitecables</a>
<br />
<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-3619006632816978432011-08-14T21:46:00.006+07:002011-08-14T22:17:46.467+07:00Prediksi Reaksi dengan Deret VoltaMemperkirakan berlangsungnya suatu reaksi sudah dijelaskan, yaitu dengan menentukan tanda potensial sel. Jika tanda potensial sel positif, maka reaksi berlangsung dan tanda potensial sel negatif, reaksi tidak berlangsung. Dalam perkiraan berikut ini tidak menggunakan perhitungan, tetapi hanya memperkirakan dari unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam deret volta.
<br />Sumber: Chemistry, The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Martin S. Silberberg, 2000.
<br />Deret Volta:
<br />
<br />K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
<br /><-------------------------- ------------------------------------------>
<br />mudah mengalami oksidasi<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">...................................</span>mudah mengalami reduksi
<br /> (reduktor)<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">......................................................................</span>(oksidator)
<br />
<br />Reaksi perkiraan:
<br />L(s) + M<sup>+</sup>(aq) -->L<sup>+</sup>(aq) + M(s)
<br />Reaksi ini berlangsung dengan syarat logam L terletak di sebelah kiri dari logam M. Reaksi ini disebut juga reaksi pendesakan dalam deret volta dengan pengertian logam L yang bebas (atomik) di sebelah kiri mendesak logam M yang terikat (bentuk ion/garam) di sebelah kanan. Logam L yang mendesak lebih aktif dibanding logam M yang didesak.
<br />Contoh reaksi berlangsung:
<br />Mg(s) + Zn<sup>2+</sup> (aq)---> Mg<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + Zn(s)
<br />Ni(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)---> Ni(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s)
<br />Fe(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)---> Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
<br />NiSO4(aq) + Zn(s) Ni(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
<br />Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Ca(s)---> Cu(s) + Ca<sup>2+</sup>(aq)
<br />Perhatikan logam bebas (atomik) mendesak logam terikat (bentuk ion/
<br />garam). Dalam deret volta semua logam bebas berada di sebelah kiri logam
<br />terikat. Jika kelima contoh reaksi di atas dihitung potensial selnya, maka
<br />akan bertanda positif.
<br />Contoh reaksi tidak berlangsung:
<br />Ni(s) + Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">..............</span>tidak terjadi reaksi
<br />2 Ag(s) + FeSO4(aq)<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">........</span> tidak terjadi reaksi
<br />Pb(s) + MnSO4(aq)<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">...........</span>tidak terjadi reaksi
<br />Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Cu(s)<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">................</span> tidak terjadi reaksi
<br />ZnSO4(aq) + Sn(s)<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">............</span> tidak terjadi reaksi
<br />Perhatikan logam bebas (atomik) berada di sebelah kanan logam terikat (bentuk ion/garam) dalam deret volta. Berarti kelima reaksi di atas tidak berlangsung (tidak terjadi reaksi). Jika dihitung potensial sel, maka akan berharga negatif.
<br />
<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-5925487250239884542011-08-11T20:03:00.006+07:002011-08-11T21:01:43.112+07:00Cara Download Video di Youtube
<br />
<br />Video merupakan salah satu media pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan, jika guru kesulitan menjelaskan materi yang bersifat abstrak, misalnya struktur atom ,proses ikatan kimia atau bentuk molekul. Banyak video kimia di internet yang bisa diunduh misalnya di situs terkenal You Tube.com. Banyak software yang dapat digunakan ,diantaranya adalah You Tube downloader yang dapat diunduh <a href="http://download.cnet.com/YouTube-Downloader/3000-2071_4-10647340.html">disini</a>. Setelah menginstal dan program sudah jalan, alamat url dari video itu dikopi , paste pada programnya ,dan klik download
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xqCJ92odbsk/TkPbf2P-J-I/AAAAAAAAA5s/2yXZiLNHA8w/s1600/paste.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 230px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xqCJ92odbsk/TkPbf2P-J-I/AAAAAAAAA5s/2yXZiLNHA8w/s320/paste.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639592498582923234" border="0" /></a>
<br />
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T2zfo-NLp5w/TkPc2Ji0TCI/AAAAAAAAA50/1U-EetqiAMA/s1600/convert.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 230px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T2zfo-NLp5w/TkPc2Ji0TCI/AAAAAAAAA50/1U-EetqiAMA/s320/convert.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639593981230992418" border="0" /></a>
<br />Cara kedua adalah dengan Internet Download manager (IDM) yang dapat didownload<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/16014418/IDMPlus6.06BetaBuild2bykoDe-Xp.rar.html"> di sini</a>
<br />software ini masih dalam bentuk Betha. Selelah diinstal
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> Selanjutnya, silahkan buka Youtube, cari file yang akan anda download.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Setelah anda menemukan video dari Youtube (termasuk di situs lainnya juga) dan ingin mendownload-nya maka tinggal <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7">klik</span> saja Download This Video (lihat gambar).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FcTUnLOXjHk/TkPf4ACjfSI/AAAAAAAAA58/ThQ3fCKLMgw/s1600/download%2Bvia%2Bidm.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 225px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FcTUnLOXjHk/TkPf4ACjfSI/AAAAAAAAA58/ThQ3fCKLMgw/s320/download%2Bvia%2Bidm.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639597311574375714" border="0" /></a></div>IDM juga dapat mengunduh video dari situs-situs yang lain. Dari berbagai cara mengunduh video You Tube, dua cara diatas adalah cara yang paling lancar dan mudah bagi penulis
<br />
<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-54408623578879016882011-08-11T19:24:00.003+07:002011-08-11T19:58:56.317+07:00Video Ikatan KimiaIkatan Kovalen
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<br /><iframe width="425" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/g1fGXDRxS6k" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-23206275395330136392011-08-11T00:12:00.004+07:002011-08-11T00:42:15.544+07:00Video Teori Model AtomModel Atom Dalton
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<br />Semua Teori model Atom
<br /><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/0UW90luAJE0" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" width="425"></iframe>
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<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-7659202704544054022011-08-09T22:54:00.010+07:002011-08-10T11:55:18.526+07:00Sel Volta
<br />Luigi Galvani (1780) dan Alessandro Volta (1800) telah menemukan terbentuknya arus listrik dari reaksi kimia. Reaksi kimia yang terjadi merupakan reaksi redoks (reduksi dan oksidasi) dan alat ini disebut sel volta.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Proses</span>
<br />Logam tembaga dicelupkan dalam larutan CuSO4 (1 M) dan logam seng dicelupkan dalam larutan ZnSO4 (1 M). Kedua larutan dihubungkan dengan jembatan garam.
<br />Jembatan garam merupakan tabung U yang diisi agar-agar dan garam KCl. Sedangkan
<br />kedua elektrode (logam Cu dan logam Zn) dihubungkan dengan alat penunjuk arus yaitu
<br />voltmeter. Logam Zn akan melepaskan elektron dan berubah membentuk ion Zn<sup>2+</sup> dan bergabung dalam larutan ZnSO4 . Elektron mengalir dari elektrode Zn ke elektrode Cu. Ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> dalam larutan CuSO4 menerima elektron dan ion tersebut berubah membentuk endapan logam Cu.
<br />
<br />Reaksinya dapat digambarkan:
<br />Reaksi oksidasi : Zn ⎯⎯ → Zn<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>–</sup>
<br /> Reaksi reduksi : Cu<sup>2+</sup>+ 2 e<sup>–</sup> ⎯⎯ → Cu
<br />__________________________+
<br />Reaksi bersih pada sel : Zn + Cu<sup>2+ </sup>--> Zn<sup>2+</sup> + Cu
<br />
<br />Penulisan dapat disingkat Zn | Zn<sup>2+</sup> || Cu<sup>2+</sup> || Cu
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2.Elektrode pada Sel Volta</span>
<br />Katode :
<br />- Elektrode di mana terjadi reaksi reduksi, berarti logam Cu.
<br />- Dalam sel volta disebut sebagai elektrode positif.
<br />Anode :
<br />- Elektrode di mana terjadi reaksi oksidasi, berarti logam Zn.
<br />- Dalam sel volta disebut sebagai elektrode negatif.
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3.Fungsi Jembatan Garam</span>
<br />
<br />Dalam larutan ZnSO4 terjadi kenaikan jumlah ion Zn2+ dan dalam larutan
<br />CuSO4 terjadi penurunan jumlah ion Cu<sup>2+</sup>. Sedangkan banyaknya kation (Zn<sup>2+</sup> atau Cu<sup>2+</sup>) harus setara dengan anion . Untuk menyetarakan kation dan anion, maka ke dalam larutan ZnSO4 masuk anion Cl<sup>–</sup> dari jembatangaram sesuai bertambahnya ion Zn<sup>2+</sup>.Pada larutan CuSO4 terjadi kekurangan Cu<sup>2+</sup> atau dapat disebut terjadi kelebihan ion , maka ion masuk ke jembatan garam menggantikan Cl<sup>–</sup> yang masuk ke larutan ZnSO4. Jadi, fungsi jembatan garam adalah menyetarakan kation dan anion dalam larutan.
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Potensial Elektrode</span>
<br />Banyaknya arus listrik yang dihasilkan dari kedua elektrode di atas dapat ditentukan besarnya dengan menetapkan potensial elektrode dari Zn dan Cu. Hanya saja potensial elektrode suatu zat tidak mungkin berdiri sendiri, harus ada patokan yang menjadi standar. Sebagai elektrode standar digunakan elektrode hidrogen. Elektrode ini terdiri atas gas hidrogen murni dengan
<br />tekanan 1 atm pada suhu 25 ºC yang dialirkan melalui sepotong platina yang tercelup dalam suatu larutan yang mengandung ion H<sup>+</sup>sebesar 1 mol/liter.
<br />Potensial elektrode hidrogen standar diberi harga = 0 volt (Eº = 0 volt).
<br />Reaksi:
<br />2 H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2 e<sup>–</sup> --> H2 (g); ΔH = 0 volt Eº = 0 volt
<br />Menurut perjanjian internasional, jika ada suatu zat ternyata lebih mudah
<br />melakukan reduksi dibanding hidrogen, maka harga potensial elektrodenya
<br />adalah positif. Potensial reduksinya positif.
<br />Cu <sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2 e– --->Cu(s); Eº = + 0,34 volt
<br />Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq) + e<sup>–</sup> --->Ag(s); Eº = + 0,80 volt
<br />
<br />Tetapi jika zat ternyata lebih mudah melakukan reaksi oksidasi dibanding
<br />hidrogen, maka harga potensial elektrodenya adalah negatif. Dalam hal ini
<br />potensial oksidasinya positif, tetapi karena potensial elektrode harus ditulis
<br />reduksi berarti potensial reduksinya adalah negatif.
<br />Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2 e<sup>–</sup> --->Zn(s); Eº = 0,76 volt
<br />A1<sup>3+</sup>(aq)+ 3 e<sup>–</sup> --->A1(s); Eº = 1,76 volt
<br />Jadi, potensial elektrode digambarkan dengan reaksi reduksi.
<br />
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-W7dOF99Dnug/TkIOflHLp0I/AAAAAAAAA5E/ivX2Xftag5Q/s1600/VoltaCell2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 317px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-W7dOF99Dnug/TkIOflHLp0I/AAAAAAAAA5E/ivX2Xftag5Q/s320/VoltaCell2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639085619122251586" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a href="http://ora24.cafe24.com/Science/Volta.htm">http://ora24.cafe24.com/Science/Volta.htm</a>
<br />
<br />Berikut daftar harga potensial elektrode untuk logam-logam yang penting.
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6q8eiXAk1Xg/TkFk-nlgeuI/AAAAAAAAA48/mo5tPlqLMIM/s1600/tabel.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 349px; height: 519px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6q8eiXAk1Xg/TkFk-nlgeuI/AAAAAAAAA48/mo5tPlqLMIM/s400/tabel.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638899235385539298" border="0" /></a>
<br />
<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-34531873024545745692011-08-09T22:21:00.005+07:002011-08-10T21:49:22.321+07:00Perhitungan Potensial SelBesarnya potensial sel dari suatu reaksi redoks dalam sel volta merupakan total dari potensial elektrode unsur-unsur sesuai dengan reaksinya.
<br />Dalam hal ini, hasil perhitungan potensial sel bisa positif atau bisa negatif. Jika potensial sel bertanda positif berarti reaksi dapat berlangsung, sedangkan jika potensial sel bertanda negatif berarti reaksi tidak dapat berlangsung.
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">E°sel= E°(+)– E°(–)</span>
<br />dengan:
<br />E°(+)= potensial elektrode lebih positif (lebih besar)
<br />E°(–)= potensial elektrode lebih negatif (lebih kecil)
<br />Perhitungan tidak melibatkan koefisien.
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Contoh Soal</span>
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1.</span> Diketahui : Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>–</sup> ⇒Cu E° = – 0,34 V
<br />Ag<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>–</sup> ⇒Ag E° = + 0,80V
<br />Tentukan E<sup>o</sup> sel
<br />dari kedua elektrode!
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span>
<br />E°Cu lebih negatif dari E°Ag
<br />, maka Cu mengalami oksidasi dan bertindak sebagai anode
<br />Katode : Ag<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>–</sup>⇒Ag E° = + 0,80 V
<br />Anode : Cu ⇒Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>–</sup> E° = – 0,34 V
<br />_____________________________+
<br />2 Ag<sup>+</sup> + Cu ⇒2 Ag + Cu <sup>2+</sup> E°sel= + 0,46 V
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2.</span> Diketahui:
<br />Ag<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>–</sup> ⇒Ag Eº = + 0,80 V
<br />A1<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>–</sup> ⇒Al Eº = – 1,66V
<br />Tentukan Eº sel dari elektrode Ag dan Al serta tentukan katode dan anode!
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span>
<br />E°sel= E°(+) – E°(–)
<br />= E°Ag – E°Al
<br />= (+0,80) – (–1,66)
<br />= +2,46 V
<br />Katode = elektrode positif, cari E° yang lebih positif(E°(+)), yaitu Ag.
<br />Anode = elektrode negatif, cari E° yang lebih negatif (E°(–)), yaitu Al.
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. </span>Diketahui: Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>–</sup>⇒Fe E° = –0,44 V
<br />A1<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e⇒Al E° = –1,66 V
<br />a. Tentukan E°sel dari elektrode A1 dan Fe!
<br />b. Tentukan katode dan anode!
<br />c. Bagaimana reaksi sel?
<br />d. Tentukan elektrode yang bertambah dan elektrode yang berkurang!
<br />e. Tentukan larutan ion yang makin pekat dan larutan ion yang makin encer!
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span>
<br />E° lebih positif/lebih besar (E°(+))= E°Fe
<br />E° lebih negatif/lebih kecil (E°(–) )= E°Al
<br />a. E sel= E° (+) – E° (–)
<br />= E°Fe – E°Al
<br />= (–0,44) – (–1,66)
<br />= + 1,22 V
<br />b. Katode = E° (+)= besi
<br />Anode = E° (–)= aluminium
<br />c. Reaksi sel
<br />Reaksi reduksi untuk E°(+), yaitu untuk Fe dan reaksi oksidasi untuk E°(–),yaitu untuk Al.
<br />Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2 e<sup>-</sup>⇒Fe ⇒ × 3
<br />Al⇒A1<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>–</sup>⇒ × 2
<br />____________________+
<br />3 Fe<sup>2+ </sup> + 2 Al⇒ 3 Fe + 2 Al<sup>3+</sup>
<br />
<br />
<br />d. Elektrode yang bertambah pada hasil reaksi, yaitu Fe.
<br />Elektrode yang berkurang pada pereaksi, yaitu Al.
<br />e. Larutan ion yang makin pekat pada hasil reaksi, yaitu ion A1<sup>3+</sup>
<br />.Larutan ion yang makin encer pada pereaksi, yaitu ion Fe<sup>2+</sup>
<br />
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4.</span> Diketahui:
<br />E° Ag<sup>+</sup>/Ag = + 0,80 V
<br />E° Cu<sup>2+</sup>/Cu = + 0,34 V
<br />E° Pb<sup>2+</sup>/Pb = – 0,13 V
<br />E° Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe = – 0,44 V
<br />E° Zn<sup>2+</sup>/Zn = – 0,76 V
<br />Manakah dari reaksi sel berikut yang mempunyai potensial sel terbesar?
<br />A. Pb<sup>2+ </sup>/Pb// Zn/Zn<sup>2+</sup>
<br />B. Cu<sup>2+ </sup>/Cu// Fe/Fe<sup>2+</sup>
<br />C. Ag<sup>+</sup>/Ag// Fe/Fe<sup>2+</sup>
<br />D. Ag<sup>+</sup>/Ag// Zn/Zn<sup>2+</sup>
<br />E. Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe// Zn/Zn<sup>2+</sup>
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab</span>: D
<br />Potensial terbesar terjadi dari potensial reduksi paling positif (EºAg) dengan potensial
<br />reduksi paling negatif (E°Zn) serta reaksi Ag harus reduksi dan reaksi Zn harus oksidasi
<br />
<br />Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-52822161533629917922011-06-12T15:12:00.001+07:002011-06-12T15:15:34.364+07:00Ulangan Minyak Bumi 2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> 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Jelaskan proses pembentukan minyak bumi!<span style=""> <br /> </span>2. Sebutkan fraksi minyak bumi beserta kegunaanya ! minimal 4<span style=""> <br /></span><span style=""></span><span style=""></span>3. Sebutkan fraksi minyak bumi yang mempunyai titik didih paling rendah dan titik didih paling tinggi beserta kegunaannya!<span style=""> </span><span style=""> <br /> </span>4. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan nilai oktan!<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> <br /> </span>5. Jelaskan 3 cara untuk meningkatkan nilai oktan pada bensin<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><br />6. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud bensin dengan nilai oktan 88!<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><br />7. Jelaskan dampak negatif dari TEL yang ditambahkan pada bensin!<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><br />8. Jelaskan dampak negatif dari hasil pembakaran tidak sempurnna dari bensin! <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";" lang="EN-GB"><br />9. Apakah yang disebut dengan ”Green House Effect! </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Jelaskan<span style=""> </span>proses terjadinya? <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><br />10.Sebutkan 3 cara mengatasi pemanasan global!</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-89295730434076810582011-06-12T15:11:00.001+07:002011-06-12T15:11:51.391+07:00Ulangan Minyak Bumi 1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Jelaskan proses terjadinya minyak bumi dan gas alam?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Minyak bumi yang masih mentah dipisahkan menjadi fraksi-fraksi melalui proses...</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Fraksi pertama yang didapat dari pemisahan minyak bumi adalah...</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="FI">Apa kegunaan dari gasolin?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="FI">Sebutkan 4 fraksi hasil pemisahan dari minyak bumi!</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="FI">Apa kegunaan dari kerosin?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="FI">Fraksi terakhir minyak bumi adalah...</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Apa yang disebut bilangan oktan?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Apa artinya nilai oktan 80?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="FI">.Zat tambahan pada bensin yang menyebabkan polusi adalah...</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Sebutkan efek negatif no. 10 pada manusai, min 3!</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Zat tambahan pengganti no. 10 yang ramah lingkungan adalah...</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Gas hasil pembakaran tidak sempurna<span style=""> </span>bensin yang menyebabkan keracunan pada manusia adalah... </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="FI">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud green house efek?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="ES-TRAD">Bagaimana cara mengatasi pemanasan global?min 3</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Sebutkan sumber energi alternatif sebagai pengganti minyak bumi!min 3.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Tuliskan reaksi pembakaran sempurna dari bensin !</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Berapa nilai oktan dari premium ?</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Sebutkan kegunaan dari LPG</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Sebutkan kegunaan dari petrolium eter?</span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"> </span></p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-10816925892864979472011-02-09T09:37:00.000+07:002011-02-09T09:37:36.610+07:00Soal Sifat Koligatif LarutanKerjakan soal-soal berikut ini dengan benar!<br />
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan sifat koligatif larutan?<br />
2. Bagaimana pengaruh zat terlarut yang sukar menguap dalam larutan terhadap <br />
tekanan uap pelarut?<br />
3. Tekanan uap jenuh air pada 100 °C adalah 760 mmHg. Berapa tekanan uap jenuh <br />
larutan glukosa 10% pada 100 °C? (Ar C = 12, O = 16, H = 1) <br />
4. Apa yang dimaksud dengan penurunan titik beku larutan? <br />
5. Sebanyak 18 gram glukosa (Mr = 180) dilarutkan dalam 500 gram air. Tentukan <br />
titik didih larutan itu jika diketahui Kb air = 0,52 °C!<br />
6. Larutan 3 gram suatu zat X dalam 100 gram air mendidih pada 100,26 °C. Jika <br />
Kb air = 0,59 °C, tentukan massa molekul relatif zat X tersebut!<br />
7. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan tekanan osmotik? <br />
8. Berapa tekanan osmotik larutan sukrosa 0,0010 M pada suhu 25 °C?<br />
9. Sebutkan kegunaan pengukuran tekanan osmotik!<br />
10. Supaya air sebanyak 1 ton tidak membeku pada suhu –5 °C, ke dalamnya harus <br />
dilarutkan garam dapur yang jumlahnya tidak boleh kurang dari berapa?<br />
(Kf air = 1,86 °C, Mr NaCl = 58,5)Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-19950540592351636662011-02-08T13:31:00.004+07:002011-02-24T07:18:38.457+07:00Penyetaraan Reaksi Redoks Metode bilangan oksidasiMetode bilangan oksidasi berdasarkan prinsip bahwa jumlah pertambahan bilangan oksidasi dari reduktor sama dengan jumlah penurunan bilangan oksidasi dari oksidator. Langkah-<br />langkah menyetarakan reaksi dengan metode bilangan oksidasi sebagai berikut.<br />1) Menentukan bilangan oksidasi pada setiap unsur dalam<br />persamaan reaksi.<br />2) Menentukan unsur yang mengalami perubahan bilangan<br />oksidasi.<br />3) Menentukan jumlah penurunan bilangan oksidasi unsur<br />yang mengalami reduksi (oksidator) dan jumlah<br />pertambahan bilangan oksidasi unsur yang mengalami<br />oksidasi (reduktor).<br />4) Menyetarakan unsur yang mengalami perubahan bilangan<br />oksidasi dengan meletakkan koefisien yang sesuai.<br />5) Menyetarakan unsur-unsur lainnya mulai dari kation, anion,<br />hidrogen, dan oksigen (KAHO singkatan dari kation, anion,<br />hidrogen, dan oksigen).<br />Contoh soal<br />Setarakan reaksi redoks berikut.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVID9Cs0iwI/AAAAAAAAAzU/Nf0VZDVOZCk/s1600/redoks1.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 41px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVID9Cs0iwI/AAAAAAAAAzU/Nf0VZDVOZCk/s400/redoks1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571520036242492162" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab</span><br />Langkah 1: Tentukan bilangan oksidasi pada setiap unsur dalam persamaan reaksi.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIEysoWb3I/AAAAAAAAAzc/IDfYvhu8J3E/s1600/redoks2.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 66px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIEysoWb3I/AAAAAAAAAzc/IDfYvhu8J3E/s400/redoks2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571520958031097714" border="0" /></a><br />Langkah 2: Tentukan unsur yang mengalami perubahan<br />bilangan oksidasi.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIGi-RFGjI/AAAAAAAAAzs/WYDPx8MOOn0/s1600/red4.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 99px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIGi-RFGjI/AAAAAAAAAzs/WYDPx8MOOn0/s400/red4.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571522886910679602" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Langkah 3: Tentukan jumlah pertambahan bilangan oksidasi dari unsur yang mengalami oksidasi dan jumlah penurunan bilangan oksidasi dari unsur yang mengalami reduksi.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIFvnDeWBI/AAAAAAAAAzk/ctlio8pwE1E/s1600/redoks3.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 99px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIFvnDeWBI/AAAAAAAAAzk/ctlio8pwE1E/s400/redoks3.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571522004506269714" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Langkah 4: Setarakan unsur yang mengalami oksidasi dan reduksi. Zat yang tereduksi dikalikan 2, sedangkan zat yang teroksidasi dikalikan 5.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIHRY41XLI/AAAAAAAAAz0/LaHqhi-emzg/s1600/red5.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 37px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIHRY41XLI/AAAAAAAAAz0/LaHqhi-emzg/s400/red5.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571523684330724530" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Langkah 5: Setarakan unsur lainnya dalam urutan KAHO.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIHxXOXjdI/AAAAAAAAAz8/xuIuUdJa4wA/s1600/red6.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 37px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIHxXOXjdI/AAAAAAAAAz8/xuIuUdJa4wA/s400/red6.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571524233639988690" border="0" /></a><br />Kation yang tidak berubah bilangan oksidasinya, yaitu K dan Na sudah setara.<br />Untuk menyetarakan jumlah atom H, tulis koefisien 3 H2O<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIImWo2tSI/AAAAAAAAA0E/ASJWncYwkeo/s1600/untred7.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 37px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TVIImWo2tSI/AAAAAAAAA0E/ASJWncYwkeo/s400/untred7.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571525144015713570" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Atom O ternyata sudah setara, dengan demikian reaksi tersebut sudah setara.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rG_eT9wL_-c/TWMmzwn9quI/AAAAAAAAA0M/Q2Y3hIGuG5Y/s1600/redoks.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 29px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rG_eT9wL_-c/TWMmzwn9quI/AAAAAAAAA0M/Q2Y3hIGuG5Y/s400/redoks.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576343434282511074" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab</span><br />Langkah 1: Tentukan bilangan oksidasi pada setiap unsur.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-thCWmVqRPCw/TWMof3bw-4I/AAAAAAAAA0U/5l2G_mG95dY/s1600/redoks1.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 357px; height: 34px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-thCWmVqRPCw/TWMof3bw-4I/AAAAAAAAA0U/5l2G_mG95dY/s400/redoks1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576345291536268162" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Langkah 2: Tentukan unsur yang mengalami perubahan bilangan oksidasi.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k_9yeZ7cTRg/TWMpMfO8NSI/AAAAAAAAA0c/Bt0FCxL1oyI/s1600/redoks2.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 381px; height: 81px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k_9yeZ7cTRg/TWMpMfO8NSI/AAAAAAAAA0c/Bt0FCxL1oyI/s400/redoks2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576346058134140194" border="0" /></a><br />Langkah 3: Tentukan jumlah pertambahan bilangan oksidasi dari unsur yang mengalami oksidasi dan jumlah penurunan bilangan oksidasi dari unsur yang mengalami reduksi.<br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k_9yeZ7cTRg/TWMpMfO8NSI/AAAAAAAAA0c/Bt0FCxL1oyI/s1600/redoks2.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 381px; height: 81px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k_9yeZ7cTRg/TWMpMfO8NSI/AAAAAAAAA0c/Bt0FCxL1oyI/s400/redoks2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576346058134140194" border="0" /></a><br />Langkah 4: Setarakan unsur yang mengalami perubahan bilangan oksidasi.<br /> Untuk menyetarakan perubahan bilangan oksidasi, zat yang tereduksi dikalikan 1, sedangkan zat yang teroksidasi dikalikan 5.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mrM-PGZSDkQ/TWMq-miSV4I/AAAAAAAAA0k/yUR6UNuAUeE/s1600/redoks3.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 369px; height: 34px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mrM-PGZSDkQ/TWMq-miSV4I/AAAAAAAAA0k/yUR6UNuAUeE/s400/redoks3.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576348018599417730" border="0" /></a><br />Langkah 5: Setarakan muatan.<br />Dalam suasana asam menyetarakan muatan pada ruas kiri dan ruas kanan dengan penambahan ion H<sup>+</sup>. Muatan di ruas kiri adalah +9, sedangkan muatan diruas kanan adalah +17 sehingga pada ruas kiri ditambahkan 8H<sup>+</sup>.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f66lurmrd5Q/TWMs6Tauy9I/AAAAAAAAA0s/NQ59_d-zEuE/s1600/redoks4.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 31px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f66lurmrd5Q/TWMs6Tauy9I/AAAAAAAAA0s/NQ59_d-zEuE/s400/redoks4.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576350143771233234" border="0" /></a><br />Langkah 6: Setarakan unsur lainnya dalam urutan KAHO.<br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f66lurmrd5Q/TWMs6Tauy9I/AAAAAAAAA0s/NQ59_d-zEuE/s1600/redoks4.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 31px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f66lurmrd5Q/TWMs6Tauy9I/AAAAAAAAA0s/NQ59_d-zEuE/s400/redoks4.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576350143771233234" border="0" /></a><br />Untuk menyetarakan atom H dilakukan penambahan H2O di ruas kanan sebanyak setengah dari H<sup>+</sup> .<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yRhvhUZ5qh8/TWMwg33Z70I/AAAAAAAAA08/bjq23-hy5pE/s1600/redoks6.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 30px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yRhvhUZ5qh8/TWMwg33Z70I/AAAAAAAAA08/bjq23-hy5pE/s400/redoks6.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576354104925089602" border="0" /></a><br />Atom O ternyata sudah setara, dengan demikian reaksi tersebut sudah setara.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-49058308591106045392011-02-06T14:20:00.002+07:002011-02-06T15:33:09.722+07:00Perbandingan Sifat Koligatif Larutan Elektrolit dan NonelektrolitZat elektrolit jika dilarutkan akan terionisasi menjadi ion-ion yang merupakan<br />
partikel-partikel di dalam larutan ini. Hal ini menyebabkan jumlah partikel pada satu mol larutan elektrolit lebih banyak daripada larutan nonelektrolit. Misalnya,<br />
larutan nonelektrolit C6H12O6, jika dimasukkan ke dalam air menghasilkan 1 mol partikel, sehingga larutan C6H12O6 1 M akan membeku pada suhu 1,86 °C di bawah titik beku<br />
air murni, sedangkan 1 mol larutan elektrolit NaCl mengandung 2 mol partikel, yaitu 1 mol Na<sup>+</sup> dan 1 mol Cl<sup>–</sup>.<br />
Larutan NaCl 1 M sebenarnya mengandung 1 mol partikel per 1.000 gram air, secara teoretis akan menurunkan titik beku 2 × 1,86 °C = 3,72 °C. Sedangkan larutan CaCl2 1 M mempunyai 3 mol ion per 1.000 g air, secara teoretis<br />
akan menurunkan titik beku tiga kali lebih besar dibandingkan larutan C6H12O6 1 M.<br />
Contoh:<br />
C6H12O6(s) --->C6H12O6(aq)<br />
1 mol<span style="color: white;">.................</span> 1 mol<br />
Jumlah partikelnya 1 × 6,02 × 10<sup>23</sup> molekul.<br />
NaCl(s)---> Na<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Cl<sup>–</sup>(aq)<br />
1 mol<span style="color: white;"> .........</span>1 mol<span style="color: white;">......... </span>1 mol<br />
Jumlah partikelnya 2 × 6,02 × 10<sup>23</sup> (ion Na<sup>+</sup> dan Cl<sup>–</sup>).<br />
CaCl2(s) --->Ca<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2 Cl<sup>–</sup>(aq)<br />
1 mol<span style="color: white;">........... </span>1<span style="color: white;">.</span>mol <span style="color: white;">.........</span>2 mol<br />
Jumlah partikelnya 3 × 6,02 × 10<sup>23</sup> partikel (ion Ca<sup>2+</sup> dan ion Cl<sup>–</sup>).<br />
Banyak ion yang dihasilkan dari zat elektrolit tergantung pada derajat ionisasinya (α). Larutan elektrolit kuat mempunyai derajat ionisasi lebih besar daripada<br />
larutan elektrolit lemah, yaitu mendekati satu untuk larutan elektrolit kuat dan mendekati nol untuk larutan elektrolit lemah. Derajat ionisasi dirumuskan sebagai berikut.<br />
α = jumlah molekul zat yang terurai/jumlah molekul mula-mula<br />
<br />
Menurut Van’t Hoff, <span style="font-weight: bold;"> i = 1 + (n – 1)α</span><br />
i= jumlah partikel yang diukur/jumlah partikel yang diperkirakan<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;">Sifat koligatif larutan elektrolit adalah sebagai berikut.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Kenaikan titik didih</span><br />
ΔTb = Kb ×m{1 + (n −1) α}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Penurunan titik beku</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">ΔTf = Kf ×m{1 + (n −1) α}</div>Keterangan:<br />
n = jumlah ion yang dihasilkan dari ionisasi satu molekul zat elektrolit<br />
α = derajat ionisasi zat elektrolit<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Tekanan osmosis</span><br />
π = MRT {1 + (n −1)α }<br />
π = mol/liter × {1 + (n −1)α }<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan berhubungan dengan larutan elektrolit antara lain:</span><br />
1. a. Elektrolit yang menghasilkan dua ion (n = 2), yaitu CH3COOH, HCl, NaOH, NaCl.<br />
b. Elektrolit yang menghasilkan tiga ion (n = 3), yaitu Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, Na2CO3.<br />
c. Elektrolit yang menghasilkan empat ion yaitu FeCl3, AlCl3.<br />
2. Makin banyak ion yang dihasilkan dari larutan elektrolit, makin besar pula harga ΔTb dan ΔTf.<br />
3. Besarnya harga α menunjukkan kuatnya larutan elektrolit.<br />
Makin besar harga α, makin besar pula harga ΔTb dan ΔTf.<br />
4. Larutan elektrolit kuat mempunyai α = 1.<br />
ΔTb = Kb × m × n<br />
ΔTf = Kf × m × n<br />
π = M × R × T × n<br />
<br />
5. Pada elektrolit biner berlaku:<br />
ΔTb = Kb × m × (1 + α)<br />
ΔTf = Kf × m × (1 + α)<br />
π = M × R × T × (1 + α)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Contoh soal:</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">1</span>. Suatu larutan elektrolit biner 0,05 mol dalam 100 gram<br />
air mempunyai α =2/3 . Jika Kf = 1,86 °C/m, tentukan<br />
penurunan titik beku larutan tersebut!<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span><br />
ΔTf = Kf × m × (1 +2/3 )<br />
= 1,86 °C/m × 0,05 mol × 1.000/100 × (1 +2/3)<br />
= 1,86 °C/m × 0,5 ×5/3<br />
ΔTf = 1,55 °C<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">2.</span> Tetapan kenaikan titik didih molal air adalah 0,5 °C/m.<br />
Jika 1 mol H2SO4 dilarutkan dalam 100 gram air dan<br />
dipanaskan, tentukan kenaikan titik didih dan titik didih<br />
larutan tersebut!<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span><br />
ΔTb = Kb × m × n<br />
= 0,5 × 1 × 3<br />
ΔTb = 1,5 °C<br />
Titik didih larutan = 100 °C + 1,5 °C = 101,5 °C.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">3.</span> Tentukan tekanan osmosis 29,25 gram NaCl dalam<br />
2 liter larutan yang diukur pada suhu 27 °C!<br />
(Mr NaCl = 58,5, R = 0,082 L.atm.mol<sup>–1</sup>K<sup>–1</sup>)<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span><br />
π = M × R × T × n<br />
= (29,25 / 58,5):2 × 0,082× 300× 2<br />
= 0,25 × 0,082 × 600<br />
π = 12,3 atmMaria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-6638648309819366292011-02-06T11:51:00.006+07:002011-02-06T15:37:05.930+07:00Tekanan osmosis larutanOsmosis adalah peristiwa mengalirnya molekulmolekul pelarut ke dalam larutan secara spontan melalui selaput semipermeabel, atau peristiwa mengalirnya molekul-<br />
molekul zat pelarut dari larutan yang lebih encer ke larutan yang lebih pekat. Proses osmosis terdapat kecenderungan untuk menyetimbangkan konsentrasi antara<br />
dua larutan yang saling berhubungan melalui membran.<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TU4pw5KaA2I/AAAAAAAAAzE/zCsCODHdeFQ/s1600/osmotik.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5570435709058810722" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TU4pw5KaA2I/AAAAAAAAAzE/zCsCODHdeFQ/s400/osmotik.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 172px; width: 155px;" /></a><br />
<br />
Peristiwa osmosis<br />
Keterangan:<br />
A = larutan gula<br />
B = selaput semipermeabel<br />
C = air<br />
<br />
Perhatikan peristiwa osmosis pada gambar diatas . Gambar tersebut menunjukkan osmometer yang diisi larutan gula, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam gelas kimia<br />
yang berisi air, ternyata permukaan larutan gula pada osmometer naik. Akan tetapi, jika di atas torak diberi beban tertentu, maka aliran air ke dalam osmometer dapat dicegah.<br />
Gaya yang diperlukan untuk mengimbangi desakan zat pelarut yang mengalir melalui selaput semipermeabel ke dalam larutan disebut tekanan osmosis larutan.<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TU4q5AfU7jI/AAAAAAAAAzM/N-49BGg6lrs/s1600/osmotik1.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5570436947976187442" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TU4q5AfU7jI/AAAAAAAAAzM/N-49BGg6lrs/s400/osmotik1.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 176px; width: 173px;" /></a><br />
Pengimbangan tekanan osmosis<br />
Keterangan:<br />
A = larutan gula<br />
B = selaput semipermeabel<br />
C = air<br />
<br />
Hubungan tekanan osmosis dengan kemolaran larutan oleh Van’t Hoff dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-weight: bold;">π = MRT</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3366ff;">Keterangan:</span><br />
π = tekanan osmosis (atm)<br />
M = molaritas (mol/liter)<br />
T = suhu mutlak (K)<br />
R = ketetapan gas (0,082) L.atm.mol<sup>–1</sup>K<sup>–1</sup><br />
Hukum Van’t Hoff ini hanya berlaku pada larutan nonelektrolit.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-weight: bold;">Contoh soal:</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. </span>Tentukan tekanan osmosis larutan C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub><br />
0,01 M pada suhu 25 °C?<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-weight: bold;">Jawab:</span><br />
π = MRT<br />
= 0,01 × 0,082 × 298 = 0,24 atm<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-weight: bold;">2</span>. Satu liter larutan mengandung 45 gram zat X. Pada<br />
suhu 27 °C, larutan tersebut mempunyai tekanan osmosis<br />
3,24 atm. Tentukan massa molekul relatif zat<br />
tersebut!<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-weight: bold;">Jawab</span><br />
T= 27 °C= 27 + 273= 300 Kelvin<br />
π = MRT =(gram/Mr):liter x RT<br />
3,24=(gram/Mr):liter x 0,082 L.atm.mol<sup>–1</sup>K<sup>–1</sup> × 300 K<br />
3,24 = 45 gram/Mr ×0,082 L.atm.mol<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup> × 300 K<br />
Mr = 45×0,082×300 :3,24<br />
= 341,66Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-47668075601561894482011-02-04T20:50:00.007+07:002011-02-04T21:40:05.693+07:00Kenaikan titik didih (ΔTb) dan penurunan titik beku (ΔTf)Setiap zat cair pada suhu tertentu mempunyai tekanan uap jenuh tertentu dan mempunyai harga yang tetap. Zat cair akan mendidih dalam keadaan terbuka jika<br />tekanan uap jenuhnya sama dengan tekanan atmosfer. Pada saat udara mempunyai tekanan 1 atm, air mendidih pada suhu 100°C, tetapi jika dalam zat cair itu dilarutkan suatu zat, maka tekanan uap jenuh air itu akan berkurang. Penurunan tekanan uap jenuh larutan yang lebih rendah dibanding tekanan uap jenuh pelarut murni menyebabkan<br />titik didih larutan lebih tinggi daripada titik didih pelarut murni.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUwGY-fAhaI/AAAAAAAAAy8/oIPJwyudXd8/s1600/grafik.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 261px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUwGY-fAhaI/AAAAAAAAAy8/oIPJwyudXd8/s400/grafik.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569833865310143906" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Diagram penurunan tekanan uap, titik beku, dan kenaikan titik didih</span><br /><br />Selisih antara titik didih suatu larutan dengan titik didih pelarut murni disebut kenaikan titik didih larutan (ΔTb).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ΔTb = Tb larutan −Tb pelarut murni</span><br /><br />Berdasarkan gambar di atas, dapat dilihat bahwa tekanan uap larutan lebih rendah daripada tekanan uap pelarut murni. Hal ini menyebabkan penurunan titik beku<br />larutan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan penurunan titik beku pelarut murni. Selisih temperatur titik beku larutan dengan titik beku pelarut murni disebut penurunan titik<br />beku (ΔTf).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ΔTf = Tf pelarut murni −Tf larutan</span><br /><br />Menurut Hukum Backman dan Raoult bahwa penurunan titik beku dan kenaikan titik didih berbanding langsung dengan molalitas yang terlarut di dalamnya.<br />Hukum tersebut dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ΔTb = m×Kf</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ΔTf = m×Kf</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Keterangan:</span><br />ΔTb = kenaikan titik didih<br />Kb = tetapan kenaikan titik didih molal<br />ΔTf = penurunan titik beku<br />Kf = tetapan titik beku molal<br />m = molalitas<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 0, 153);">Syarat Hukum Backman dan Raoult adalah sebagai berikut.</span><br />a. Rumus di atas berlaku untuk larutan nonelektrolit.<br />b. ΔTb tidak berlaku untuk larutan yang mudah menguap.<br />c. Hanya berlaku untuk larutan yang sangat encer, pada<br />larutan yang pekat terdapat penyimpangan.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">Contoh soal:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1</span>. Tentukan titik didih dan titik beku larutan berikut!<br />a. urea (CO(NH2)2) 30 gram dalam 500 gram air.<br />b. glukosa (C6H12O6) 18 gram dalam 10 gram air.<br />(Kb air = 0,52 dan Kf air = 1,86 °C/m)<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 0, 0);">Jawab:</span><br />a. ΔTb = m × Kb<br />= 30/60 gram× 1.000/500 gram× 0,52 °C/m<br /><br />= 0,5 gram × 2 gram × 0,52 °C/m<br />= 0,52 °C<br />Titik didih larutan = 100 °C + 0,52 °C =<br />100,52 °C.<br /><br />ΔTb = m × Kb<br />= 30/60gram x 1.000/500 gram x 1,86 °C/m<br />= 0,5 gram × 2 gram × 1,86 °C/m<br />= 1,86 °C<br /><br />b. ΔTb = m × Kb<br />= 18/180 gram x 1.000/10gram x 0,52 °C/m<br />= 0,1 gram × 100 gram × 0,52 °C/m<br />= 0,52 °C<br />Titik didih larutan = 100 °C + 5,2 °C = 105,2 °C.<br /><br />ΔTf = m × Kf<br />= 18/180 gram x 1.000/10 gram x 1,86 °C/m<br />= 0,1 gram × 100 gram × 1,86 °C/m<br />= 10 gram × 1,86 °C<br />= 18,6 °C<br />Titik beku larutan = 0 °C – 18,6 °C = –18,6 °C.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2</span>. Titik beku larutan 64 gram naftalena dalam 100 gram benzena adalah 2,91 °C. Jika titik beku benzena 5,46°C dan tetapan titik beku molal benzena 5,1 °C, maka<br />tentukan massa molekul relatif naftalena!<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 0, 0);">Jawab:</span><br />ΔTf = m × Kf<br />ΔTf = massa benzena/Mr x 1.000/p x Kf<br />ΔTf = 5,46 °C – 2,91 °C = 2,55 °C<br />2,55 = 6,4 gram/Mr× 1.000 gram/100 × 5,1 °C<br />Mr=(6,4 x 1.000 x 5,1 °C ):(2,55 x 100 )<br />Mr = 128<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3.</span> Berapa berat gula yang harus dilarutkan untuk menaikkan titik didih 250 mL air menjadi 100,1°C pada tekanan 1 atm, jika Mr gula = 342 dan Kb = 0,5 °C/m?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 0, 0);">Jawab:</span><br />ΔTb = massa gula/Mr × 1.000/p × Kb<br />ΔTb = 100,1°C – 100°C<br />= 0,1°C<br />0,1 = massa gula/342 × 1.000mL/250 × 0,5 °C/m<br />0,1 °C = massa gula/342 x 4 mLx 0,5 °C/m<br />0,1 °C = massa gula/342 x 2<br />0,1 °C × 342 = massa gula × 2<br />massa gula =34,2/2 = 17,1 gram<br />Jadi, berat gula adalah 17,1 gram.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com46tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-90680053184721226952011-02-01T09:45:00.011+07:002011-02-04T18:22:26.931+07:00Penurunan tekanan uapApabila ke dalam suatu pelarut dilarutkan zat yang tidak mudah menguap, ternyata tekanan uap jenuh larutan menjadi lebih rendah daripada tekanan uap jenuh pelarut murni<br />. Dalam hal ini uap jenuh larutan dapat jenuh dianggap hanya mengandung uap zat pelarut, (lihat Gambar).<div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd2D2eX_2I/AAAAAAAAAxo/co8Nv7JqCQs/s1600/gambar.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568549272801509218" style="width: 255px; height: 172px;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd2D2eX_2I/AAAAAAAAAxo/co8Nv7JqCQs/s400/gambar.JPG" border="0" /></a></div><div align="justify">Selisih antara tekanan uap jenuh pelarut murni dengan tekanan uap jenuh larutan disebut penurunan tekanan uap jenuh . </div><br /><div><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd1p1oOhqI/AAAAAAAAAxg/rZeDwe3T8cE/s1600/penurtek.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568548825897797282" style="width: 76px; height: 18px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd1p1oOhqI/AAAAAAAAAxg/rZeDwe3T8cE/s400/penurtek.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />Jika tekanan uap jenuh pelarut murni dinyatakan dengan P° dan tekanan uap jenuh larutan dengan P, maka Pada tahun 1880-an F.M. Raoult,<br />seorang ahli kimia Prancis, menyatakan bahwa melarutkan zat terlarut mempunyai efek menurunkan tekanan uap dari pelarut.<br />Adapun bunyi hukum Raoult yang berkaitan dengan penurunan tekanan uap adalah sebagai berikut.<br />a. Penurunan tekanan uap jenuh tidak bergantung pada jenis zat yang dilarutkan, tetapi tergantung pada jumlah partikel zat terlarut.<br />b. Penurunan tekanan uap jenuh berbanding lurus dengan fraksi mol zat yang<br />dilarutkan.<br />Hukum Raoult tersebut dapat dirumuskan sebagai<br />berikut. </div><br /><div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd7SwtPtsI/AAAAAAAAAxw/w0frRDRTpzM/s1600/penurunan1.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568555026509444802" style="width: 104px; height: 29px;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd7SwtPtsI/AAAAAAAAAxw/w0frRDRTpzM/s400/penurunan1.JPG" border="0" /></a></div><br /><div>keterangan</div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd8DFrwUQI/AAAAAAAAAx4/kEBmoE01g10/s1600/penurunan2.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568555856774058242" style="width: 303px; height: 56px;" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUd8DFrwUQI/AAAAAAAAAx4/kEBmoE01g10/s400/penurunan2.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> 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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a name="OLE_LINK1"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >J<span style="font-size:100%;">ika larutannya encer, </span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >n</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >B </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><< </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >n</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >A</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >, sehingga </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >n</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >A </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >+ </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >n</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >B </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >dapat</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > diang</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >gap sama dengan </span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >n</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >A</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >, jadi:</span></span></span></p><br /><br /><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 130px; height: 57px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUjDSZlcH5I/AAAAAAAAAyE/eRX-yM0M1i8/s400/fraksimol.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568915660116598674" border="0" /><br /><br /><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 221px; height: 94px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUjD7WJs8fI/AAAAAAAAAyM/muCIrm9xej0/s400/fraksimol1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568916363569590770" border="0" /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" 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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <div style=""> <table vspace="0" width="425" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0cm;" valign="top" align="left"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Jika tekanan uap pelarut dilambang</span><span style=";font-family:";" >kan </span><span style=";font-family:";" >P, </span><span style=";font-family:";" >di mana</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";" >P </span><span style=";font-family:";" >< </span><span style=";font-family:";" >P°, </span><span style=";font-family:";" >maka:</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUjJDNwkZFI/AAAAAAAAAyk/bjcBS5dVKhA/s1600/tek4.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 166px; height: 87px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUjJDNwkZFI/AAAAAAAAAyk/bjcBS5dVKhA/s400/tek4.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568921996313781330" border="0" /></a><br />P = xA ⋅ P°<br />Keterangan:<br />P = tekanan uap larutan<br />xA = fraksi mol pelarut<br />P° = tekanan uap pelarut murni<br />Hukum Raoult telah diuji kebenarannya dengan membandingkan harga P hasil eksperimen dengan P hasil hitungan berdasarkan rumus di atas. Antara hasil eksperimen dengan hasil hitungan terdapat perbedaan yang kecil karena kesalahan dalam pengamatan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Contoh soal:</span><br />1. Manitol sebanyak 18,04 gram dilarutkan dalam 100 gram air pada suhu 20 °C. Ternyata tekanan uap jenuh larutan adalah 17,227 mmHg. Jika tekanan<br />uap air jenuh pada suhu itu 17,54 mmHg, hitunglah massa molekul manitol!<br /><br />Jawab:<br />WB = 18,04 gram P = 17,227 mmHg<br />WA = 100 gram P° = 17,54 mmHg<br />Mr A = 18<br />ΔP = P° – P<br />= 17,54 – 17,227 = 0,313 mmHg<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUvcOorjKDI/AAAAAAAAAys/TinW_s_gutQ/s1600/hitung.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 191px; height: 180px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUvcOorjKDI/AAAAAAAAAys/TinW_s_gutQ/s320/hitung.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5569787508170106930" border="0" /></a><br /><br />= 181,96 (Mr manitol yang sebenarnya 182)<br /><br />2. Fraksi mol larutan urea dalam air adalah 0,2. Tekanan uap jenuh air murni pada suhu 20 °C sebesar 17,5 mmHg. Tentukan tekanan uap jenuh larutan pada suhu tertentu!<br />Jawab:<br />xB = 0,2<br />P° = 17,5 mmHg<br />ΔP = P° ⋅ XB<br />= 17,5 mmHg × 0,2 = 3,5 mmHg<br />P = P° – ΔP<br />= 17,5 – 3,5 = 14 mmHg<br /><br />3. Tentukan penurunan tekanan uap jenuh larutan 10% massa glukosa (C6H12O6) dalam air, jika diketahui tekanan uap air pada suhu 25 °C adalah 24 mmHg!<br />Jawab:<br />massa glukosa = 10/100 ×100gram = 10 gram<br />kuantitas glukosa =10/180 = 0,555 mol<br /><br />massa air = 100 – 10 = 90 g<br />mol air =90/18 = 5 mol<br />xB =0,055/5,055=0,01<br />ΔP = P° ⋅ xB = 24 × 0,01 = 0,24 mmHgMaria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-73485498671477784782011-01-30T21:52:00.005+07:002011-01-30T22:22:03.154+07:00Nitrogen Dioksida, Ozon & Senyawa Timbal Dapat Meningkatkan Bahaya Polusi untuk Anak PerkotaanOleh Roberta C. Barbalace<br /><br />Efek kesehatan yang merugikan dari ozon (O3) dan nitrogen dioksida (NO2) telah dikenal selama beberapa dekade. The Clean Air Act didirikan pada tahun 1963, tetapi ambien kualitas tidak diatur sampai tahun 1970, dan pada tahun 1971 EPA telah membentuk satu jam Nasional Standar Kualitas Udara Ambien (NAAQS) dari 0,08 ppm untuk kedua O<sub>3</sub> dan nitrogen dioksida. Nitrogen dioksida dan ozon adalah dua dari luar ambien polutan kimia utama yang mempengaruhi penderita asma. Selain itu, nitrogen dioksida berperan dalam pembentukan hujan asam, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pemanasan global, dan menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman. Ozon dipermukaan mengganggu kemampuan tanaman untuk memproduksi (berfotosintesis) dan menyimpan makanan, dan menurunkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap penyakit.<br /><br />Hanya ketika kita berpikir bahwa kita mendapatkan pegangan di seluruh catatan kriminal dua senyawa, ilmuwan dari University of California, Irvine telah menghubungkan mereka ke yang lain melarang lingkungan dan kesehatan, timbal (Pb). Dalam abstrak yang diterbitkan di Lingkungan. Sci. Teknologi, 14 Oktober 2009 (pasal ASAP) RD Edwards, NL Lam, L. Zhang, MA Johnson dan MT Kleinman dari Sekolah Kedokteran Universitas California, Irvine melaporkan bahwa nitrogen dioksida (NO2) dan ozon (O3) dari kendaraan emisi bereaksi dengan permukaan yang dicat dengan cat mengandung timbal dan meningkatkan pelepasan timbal. Menurut Edwards, cat terbuat dari dua komponen dasar: butiran pigmen dan pengikat polimer tak jenuh yang mengikat mereka bersama-sama. O3 dan NO2 , biasanya bereaksi dengan senyawa tak jenuh. Edwards dan koleganya menduga bahwa karakteristik ini mungkin bisa membuat butiran pigmen timbal menjadi terdapat di debu rumah atau kepegang tangan anak-anak di lingkungan perkotaan di mana O3 dan NO2 sering terdapat dalam konsentrasi tinggi.<br /><br />Para peneliti melapisi stainless steel dengan lapisan tipis cat mengandung timbal dan terkena NO2 dan O3. Mereka kemudian menganalisis permukaan dilapisi menggunakan reflectometry dan pemindaian mikroskop elektron. Mereka juga menyeka permukaan dan dihitung jumlah timbal di tisu. Edwards dan koleganya melaporkan bahwa NO2 dan O3 mengubah morfologi permukaan 'dan secara signifikan meningkatkan jumlah timbal yang dapat tersapu dari mereka.<br /><br />Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lebih banyak penekanan harus ditempatkan pada penghilangan cat mengandung timbal dari lingkungan perkotaan dan menurunkan emisi O3 dan NO2 di kota-kota Amerika yang masih remediating bangunan tua dan di negara-negara berkembang , cat mengandung timbal masih dijual.<br /><br />terjemahan dari <a href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/environmental/200912_nitrogen_dioxide_ozone_and_lead_endanger_children.html">http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/environmental/200912_nitrogen_dioxide_ozone_and_lead_endanger_children.html</a>Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-29057193459633803002011-01-29T10:49:00.016+07:002011-01-31T09:20:38.494+07:00Ester<div>Ester merupakan isomer fungsi dari asam karboksilat dengan gugus fungsi<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOP708J7hI/AAAAAAAAAv4/iL-7TH53vJw/s1600/karbonil.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567451822346071570" style="WIDTH: 54px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 74px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOP708J7hI/AAAAAAAAAv4/iL-7TH53vJw/s400/karbonil.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />Rumus umum asam ester adalah<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOSJ54zbnI/AAAAAAAAAwA/z525IPONeEo/s1600/ester.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567454263215615602" style="WIDTH: 83px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 73px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOSJ54zbnI/AAAAAAAAAwA/z525IPONeEo/s400/ester.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">1) Tata Nama Ester</span><br />Dengan menyebutkan gugus alkilnya, kemudian diikuti karboksilatnya.<br />Contoh<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOVqhMddhI/AAAAAAAAAwg/qUSJL7M2_j4/s1600/etil+propanoat.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567458122057741842" style="WIDTH: 192px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 68px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOVqhMddhI/AAAAAAAAAwg/qUSJL7M2_j4/s400/etil%2Bpropanoat.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">2) Isomer Ester</span><br />Isomer ester disebabkan oleh gugus alkil dan gugus alkanoatnya. Selain<br />itu ester juga berisomer dengan asam karboksilat.<br />Conoh: isomer C4H8O2<br />1) Sebagai asam karboksilat<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOT9y6sRTI/AAAAAAAAAwQ/40D6jTnIfEw/s1600/butanoat.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567456254209312050" style="WIDTH: 255px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 68px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOT9y6sRTI/AAAAAAAAAwQ/40D6jTnIfEw/s400/butanoat.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOUhhTghWI/AAAAAAAAAwY/Xo9Dcf6bdyY/s1600/metilpropanoat.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567456867956852066" style="WIDTH: 313px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 69px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOUhhTghWI/AAAAAAAAAwY/Xo9Dcf6bdyY/s400/metilpropanoat.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />2) Sebagai ester<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOTSduzAII/AAAAAAAAAwI/2XQ1BFMxr9g/s1600/ester1.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567455509787902082" style="WIDTH: 255px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 68px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOTSduzAII/AAAAAAAAAwI/2XQ1BFMxr9g/s400/ester1.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOXe0JiG6I/AAAAAAAAAww/7u_wJpeGgIA/s1600/metpropanoat.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567460120010562466" style="WIDTH: 228px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 74px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOXe0JiG6I/AAAAAAAAAww/7u_wJpeGgIA/s400/metpropanoat.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">3) Sifat-Sifat Ester</span><br />a) Sifat Fisis<br />(1) Ester memiliki titik didih dan titik beku yang lebih rendah dari titik<br />didih dan titik beku asam karboksilat asalnya.<br />(2) Ester suku rendah berupa zat cair yang berbau harum (beraroma<br />buah-buahan).<br />b) Sifat Kimia<br />(1) Ester bersifat netral dan tidak bereaksi dengan logam natrium<br />maupun PCl3.<br />(2) Ester dapat mengalami hidrolisis menjadi asam karboksilat dan<br />alkohol.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOYYkn7xmI/AAAAAAAAAw4/-xXQ8ttNoYI/s1600/reaksi.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567461112275519074" style="WIDTH: 355px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 70px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUOYYkn7xmI/AAAAAAAAAw4/-xXQ8ttNoYI/s400/reaksi.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />(3) Hidrolisis ester suku tinggi dengan NaOH atau KOH menghasilkan<br />sabun dan gliserol (reaksi penyabunan).<br />Contoh:<br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYUb_oRUuI/AAAAAAAAAxA/HQsmB6abuVk/s1600/hidrolisis.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568160460459561698" style="WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 180px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYUb_oRUuI/AAAAAAAAAxA/HQsmB6abuVk/s400/hidrolisis.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />(4) Ester dapat mengalami reduksi menjadi alkohol.<br /></div><div>Contoh:<br /></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYVtCJdsOI/AAAAAAAAAxI/PxEN1Lam4Kw/s1600/adisi.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568161852705059042" style="WIDTH: 355px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 85px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYVtCJdsOI/AAAAAAAAAxI/PxEN1Lam4Kw/s400/adisi.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div><br />(5) Reduksi terhadap ester tak jenuh suku tinggi (minyak atau lemak<br />cair) yang menghasilkan mentega.<br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYW2JDpw4I/AAAAAAAAAxQ/1vlPQR-FgGQ/s1600/glgliserol.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568163108690183042" style="WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 171px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYW2JDpw4I/AAAAAAAAAxQ/1vlPQR-FgGQ/s400/glgliserol.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">4. Kegunaan Ester</span><br />1) Senyawa ester dengan rantai pendek (ester yang<br />berasal dari asam karboksilat suku rendah dengan alkohol suku rendah) banyak terdapat dalam buah-buahan<br />yang menimbulkan aroma dari buah tersebut, sehingga disebut ester buah-buahan.<br />Senyawa ester ini banyak digunakan sebagai penyedap<br />atau esens. </div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYa731M1VI/AAAAAAAAAxY/JeJAwYfpimE/s1600/essence.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568167605191890258" style="WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 84px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUYa731M1VI/AAAAAAAAAxY/JeJAwYfpimE/s400/essence.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />Aroma pisang pada makanan atau minuman dapat diperolehdengan menambahkan ester amil asetat. Benzilasetat memberikan aromastrawberry pada makanan atau minuman.<br />Di samping itu digunakan juga sebagai pelarut pada pembuatan cat, cat kuku, dan perekat.<br />2) Ester yang berasal dari gliserol dengan asam karboksilat suku rendah atau tinggi (minyak dan lemak).<br />Digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk pembuatan sabun dan mentega (margarin).<br />3) Ester dari alkohol suku tinggi dan asam karboksilat suku tinggi. Ester ini disebut lilin (wax), lilin ini berbeda dengan lilin hidrokarbon (lilin parafin). Kegunaannya ialah untuk pemoles mobil dan lantai.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-63444531213034993582011-01-28T16:14:00.009+07:002011-01-28T16:58:58.048+07:00Asam Alkanoat<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Rumus Umum</span><br />Asam alkanoat atau asam karboksilat merupakan golongan senyawa karbon yang mempunyai gugus fungsional –COOH terikat langsung pada gugus alkil, sehingga rumus umum asam alkanoat adalah :<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKKGj6mTuI/AAAAAAAAAvI/L2OpgEnBa1M/s1600/alkanoat.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 186px; height: 62px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKKGj6mTuI/AAAAAAAAAvI/L2OpgEnBa1M/s400/alkanoat.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567163934708223714" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Contoh :<br />PEMBENTUKAN RUMUS STRUKTUR ASAM ALKANOAT<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKR8iHEo4I/AAAAAAAAAvw/oJxOJ_IEYgE/s1600/alkanoat2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 532px; height: 276px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKR8iHEo4I/AAAAAAAAAvw/oJxOJ_IEYgE/s400/alkanoat2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567172558518002562" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Tata Nama</span><br />Penamaan senyawa-senyawa asam alkanoat atau asam karboksilat juga ada dua cara yaitu:<br />1) Menurut IUPAC : mengikuti nama alkananya dengan menambahkan nama asam di depannya dan mengganti akhiran “ ana “ pada alkana dengan akiran “ anoat “ pada asam Alkanoat.<br />2) Menurut Trivial, penamaan yang didasarkan dari sumber penghasilnya.<br />Contoh :<br />PENAMAAN SENYAWA ASAM ALKANOAT<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKLP99nBOI/AAAAAAAAAvQ/z5PSszXTcpc/s1600/alkanoat1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 535px; height: 252px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKLP99nBOI/AAAAAAAAAvQ/z5PSszXTcpc/s400/alkanoat1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567165195830625506" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br />Untuk senyawa-senyawa asam alkanoat yang mempunyai rumus struktur bercabang aturan penamaan IUPAC adalah sebagai berikut :<br />1) Tentukan rantai utama dengan memilih deretan C paling panjang dan mengandung gugus fungsi –COOH, kemudian diberi nama seperti pada tabel di atas.<br />2) Penomoran atom C dimulai dari atom C gugus fungsi, sedang aturan selanjutnya sama dengan yang berlaku pada senyawa-senyawa hidrokarbon.<br />Contoh :<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKMfaTnTaI/AAAAAAAAAvY/fKrrwe4wcIU/s1600/alkanoata.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 408px; height: 130px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKMfaTnTaI/AAAAAAAAAvY/fKrrwe4wcIU/s400/alkanoata.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567166560648777122" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKNUPf8DBI/AAAAAAAAAvg/EBMUYZb_vPI/s1600/alkanoatb.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 426px; height: 161px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKNUPf8DBI/AAAAAAAAAvg/EBMUYZb_vPI/s400/alkanoatb.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567167468280744978" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKO6kNpz0I/AAAAAAAAAvo/tqZutRxSWjc/s1600/alkanoatc.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 454px; height: 109px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKO6kNpz0I/AAAAAAAAAvo/tqZutRxSWjc/s400/alkanoatc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567169226187853634" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Sifat – Sifat Asam Alkanoat</span><br />Secara umum senyawa-senyawa asam alkanoat atau asam karboksilat mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :<br />1) a) Asam alkanoat yang mengandung C1 sampai C4 berbentuk cairan encer dan larut sempurna dalam air<br /> b) Asam alkanoat dengan atom C5 sampai C9 berbentuk cairan kental dan sedikit larut dalam air<br />c) Asam alkanoat suku tinggi dengan C10 atau lebih berbentuk padatan yang sukar larut dalam air.<br />2) Titik didih asam alkanoat lebih tinggi dibandingkan titik didih alkohol yang memiliki jumlah atom C yang sama.<br />3) Asam alkanoat pada umumnya merupakan asam lemah. Semakin panjang rantai karbonnya semakin lemah sifat asamnya.<br />Contoh :<br /> HCOOH, Ka = 1,0 . 10–4<br /> CH3COOH , Ka = 1,8 . 10–5<br /> CH3CH2COOH, Ka = 1,3 . 10–5<br />4) Asam alkanoat dapat bereaksi dengan basa menghasilkan garam. Reaksi ini disebut reaksi penetralan.<br />a) CH3COOH + NaOH ---> CH3COONa + H2O<br /> Asam Etanoat <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">................</span> Natrium Etanoat<br /> b) CH3CH2COOH + KOH ---> CH3CH2COOK + H2O<br />Asam Propanoat<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ................</span>Kalium Propanoat<br />5) Asam alkanoat dapat bereaksi dengan alkohol menghasilkan senyawa ester. Reaksi ini dikenal dengan reaksi esterifikasi.<br />a) CH3COOH + CH3–OH --->CH3COOCH3 + H2O<br /> Asam Etanoat<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.. </span> Metanol<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">......</span> Metil Etanoat<br />b) CH3CH2COOH + CH3CH2–OH ---> CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 + H2O<br /> Asam Propanoat<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">... </span>Etanol<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............</span> Etil Propanoat<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Kegunaan Asam Alkanoat</span><br />Penggunaan asam alkanoat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara lain :<br />1) Asam format (asam metanoat) yang juga dikenal asam semut merupakan cairan tak berwarna dengan bau yang merangsang. Biasanya digunakan untuk :<br />a) menggumpalkan lateks (getah karet)<br />b) obat pembasmi hama<br />2) Asam asetat atau asam etanoat yang dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dikenal dengan nama asam cuka. Asam cuka banyak digunakan sebagai pengawet makanan, dan penambah rasa makanan (bakso dan soto)<br />3) Asam sitrat biasanya digunakan untuk pengawet buah dalam kaleng<br />4) Asam stearat, asam ini berbentuk padat, berwarna putih. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari terutama digunakan untuk membuat lilin.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-85466827206446224752011-01-28T14:39:00.011+07:002011-01-28T16:11:46.667+07:00Keton / Alkanon<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Rumus Umum</span><br />Alkanon merupakan golongan senyawa karbon dengan gugus fungsi karbonil<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ0iI5bw3I/AAAAAAAAAuQ/isSvt0QjrSE/s1600/karbonil.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 52px; height: 61px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ0iI5bw3I/AAAAAAAAAuQ/isSvt0QjrSE/s400/karbonil.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567140219236107122" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Gugus fungsi karbonil terletak di tengah, diapit dua buah alkil. Sehingga alkanon mempunyai rumus umum sebagai berikut :<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ1eJ9ZT4I/AAAAAAAAAuY/ulhMJJjyXN4/s1600/keton.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 71px; height: 71px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ1eJ9ZT4I/AAAAAAAAAuY/ulhMJJjyXN4/s400/keton.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567141250313310082" border="0" /></a><br />Contoh :<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ23Ed4nJI/AAAAAAAAAug/MghMEasowpI/s1600/keton1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 419px; height: 154px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ23Ed4nJI/AAAAAAAAAug/MghMEasowpI/s400/keton1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567142777847323794" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Tata Nama</span><br /> Penamaan senyawa-senyawa alkanon atau keton juga ada dua cara yaitu :<br />1) Menurut IUPAC mengikuti nama alkanannya dengan mengganti akhiran “ ana “ dalam alkana menjadi “ anom “ dalam alkanon.<br />2) Dengan cara Trivial yaitu dengan menyebutkan nama kedua gugus alkilnya, kemudian diikuti akhiran “ Keton “.<br /> Contoh<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKBofYrbnI/AAAAAAAAAu4/LQGlH1CIzGw/s1600/keton3.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 279px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKBofYrbnI/AAAAAAAAAu4/LQGlH1CIzGw/s400/keton3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567154622003113586" border="0" /></a><br />TATA NAMA ALKANON<br /><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> 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beri nama seperti tabel 5.6 di atas.<br />b) Penomoran rantai utama dimulai dari ujung yang memberikan nomor serendah-rendahnya bagi atom C gugus fungsi. 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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="1026"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >3. <span style=""> </span>Sifat – Sifat Alkanon</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Beberapa sifat </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >yang dimiliki senyawa-senyawa Alkanon antara lain :</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" ><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >Alkanon </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >dengan jumlah C 1 s/d 5 berupa cairan tak be</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >rwarna</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" ><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >Pada umumnya larut dalam air</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" ><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >Alkanon seperti aldehide mempunyai titik didih yang relatif lebih</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" > tinggi dari pada senyawa non polar.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" ><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >Alkanon dapat direduksi oleh gas H<sub>2</sub> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >menghasilkan alkohol sekundernya</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Cont</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="SV" >oh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKFu0T0OpI/AAAAAAAAAvA/G_w1-ldC5a0/s1600/keton3.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 199px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUKFu0T0OpI/AAAAAAAAAvA/G_w1-ldC5a0/s400/keton3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567159128745589394" border="0" /></a></p><br />dengan dasar sifat ke-4 ini, maka pada umumnya alkanon dibuat dengan cara mengoksidasi alkohol sekundernya.<br /> Contoh :<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ_Sge0fQI/AAAAAAAAAuw/ud2iPDD3kxw/s1600/keton4.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 96px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUJ_Sge0fQI/AAAAAAAAAuw/ud2iPDD3kxw/s400/keton4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567152045316930818" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Kegunaan Alkanon</span><br />Senyawa alkanon yang paling banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah aseton (propanon). Aseton banyak digunakan sebagai :<br />1) Pelarut senyawa karbon misalnya : sebagai pembersih cat kuku<br />2) Bahan baku pembuatan zat organik lain seperti klaroform yang digunakan sebagai obat bius.<br />3) Selain aseton, beberapa senyawa alkanon banyak yang berbau harum sehingga digunakan sebagai campuran parfum dan kosmetika lainnya.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-21091746874316454722011-01-28T07:28:00.011+07:002011-01-28T08:25:15.298+07:00Aldehida<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Rumus Umum</span><br /><br />Senyawa aldehide atau alkanal mempunyai rumus umum<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIPg6uIAEI/AAAAAAAAAs4/eBFTGbzrfCA/s1600/aldehid.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 141px; height: 55px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIPg6uIAEI/AAAAAAAAAs4/eBFTGbzrfCA/s320/aldehid.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567029147576303682" border="0" /></a><br />dengan R gugus alkil sehingga rumus umum senyawa aldehide juga dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIQFbfqCSI/AAAAAAAAAtA/hywLPBDKNN8/s1600/aldehid2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 315px; height: 65px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIQFbfqCSI/AAAAAAAAAtA/hywLPBDKNN8/s320/aldehid2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567029774849280290" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Contoh :<br />PEMBENTUKAN RUMUS MOLEKUL ALDEHIDA<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIZVI-HKSI/AAAAAAAAAuA/WLN9f958n8U/s1600/aldehid3.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 487px; height: 224px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIZVI-HKSI/AAAAAAAAAuA/WLN9f958n8U/s400/aldehid3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567039940359301410" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Tata Nama</span><br />Untuk memberi nama senyawa-senyawa aldehide menurut aturan IUPAC adalah sebagai berikut: beri nama sesuai nama alkana dengan mengganti aliran “ ana “ menjadi “anal “. Selain aturan IUPAC senyawa-senyawa alkanal juga mempunyai nama-nama trivial.<br />Contoh :<br />TATA NAMA ALDEHIDA<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUISy1_tPXI/AAAAAAAAAtY/NWJOOcWUiuc/s1600/aldehid4.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 476px; height: 253px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUISy1_tPXI/AAAAAAAAAtY/NWJOOcWUiuc/s400/aldehid4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567032754080398706" border="0" /></a><br />Untuk senyawa-senyawa aldehide dengan rumus struktur bercabang menurut IUPAC aturan penamaannya sebagai berikut :<br />1) Tentukan rantai utama dengan cara : pilih deretan C yang paling panjang dan mengandung gugus fungsi kemudian beri nama seperti tabel 5.5 di atas.<br />2) Penomoran rantai utama dimulai dari atom C yang mengikat gugus fungsi : aturan yang selanjutnya sama dengan yang berlaku untuk senyawa-senyawa hidrokarbon.<br />Contoh :<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIUSvR9bcI/AAAAAAAAAtg/N2qoOC3p9pk/s1600/aldehid5.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 157px; height: 195px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIUSvR9bcI/AAAAAAAAAtg/N2qoOC3p9pk/s400/aldehid5.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567034401545350594" border="0" /></a><br />atau<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIVFfyED2I/AAAAAAAAAto/Bg_W9-KhuR8/s1600/aldehid7.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 163px; height: 172px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIVFfyED2I/AAAAAAAAAto/Bg_W9-KhuR8/s400/aldehid7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567035273558364002" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Sifat-sifat Aldehida</span><br />1) Senyawa-senyawa aldehida dengan jumlah atom C rendah (1 s/d 5 atom C) sangat mudah larut dalam air. Sedangkan senyawa aldehide dengan jumlah atom C lebih dari 5 sukar larut dalam air.<br />2) Aldehida dapat dioksidasi menjadi asam karboksilatnya<br /> Contoh :<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIV-rvyInI/AAAAAAAAAtw/vxXp1q65KGY/s1600/aldehid6.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 333px; height: 138px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIV-rvyInI/AAAAAAAAAtw/vxXp1q65KGY/s400/aldehid6.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567036256022569586" border="0" /></a><br />3) Aldehida dapat direduksi dengan gas H2 membentuk alkohol primer.<br /> Contoh :<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIXLjRYvXI/AAAAAAAAAt4/Q5n0PM2U7Bs/s1600/aldehid8.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 358px; height: 125px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIXLjRYvXI/AAAAAAAAAt4/Q5n0PM2U7Bs/s400/aldehid8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567037576597519730" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Reaksi spesifik sebagai identifikasi gugus aldehida</span><br />1) Gugus aldehida mampu mereduksi larutan fehling (CUO) menghasilkan endapan merah bata dari Cu2O<br /> R – CHO + 2 CuO -->R – COOH + Cu2O(s)<br />2) Gugus aldehida mampu mereduksi larutan perak amoniak (larutan AgNO3 dalam larutan NH3 berlebih) yang biasa disebut reaksi Tollens (Ag2O), menghasilkan cermin perak, yaitu endapan perak yang membentuk cermin pada dinding tabung reaksi.<br /> R – CHO + Ag2O --->R – COOH + 2 Ag(S)<br />Kedua reaksi spesifik ini yang biasanya digunakan sebagai identifikasi adanya senyawa aldehida dalam suatu zat. Sekaligus membedakan aldehida dari keton.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Kegunaan Aldehida</span><br />Senyawa aldehida yang paling banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan adalah Formaldehida dan Asetaldehida, antara lain sebagai berikut :<br />1) Larutan formaldehida dalam air dengan kadar ±40% dikenal dengan nama formalin. Zat ini banyak digunakan untuk mengawetkan spesimen biologi dalam laboratorium musium.<br />2) Formaldehida juga banyak digunakan sebagai :<br />a) Insektisida dan pembasmi kuman<br />b) Bahan baku pembuatan damar buatan<br />c) Bahan pembuatan plastik dan damar sintetik seperti Galatin dan Bakelit<br />3) Asetaldehida dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara lain digunakan sebagai :<br />a) Bahan untuk membuat karet dan damar buatan<br />b) Bahan untuk membuat asam asetat (As. Cuka)<br />c) Bahan untuk membuat alkoholMaria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6656580849283530404.post-90174955856130021442011-01-28T07:08:00.007+07:002011-01-28T07:27:34.787+07:00Eter/Alkoksi Alkana<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Rumus Umum</span><br />Eter atau alkoksi alkana adalah golongan senyawa yang mempunyai dua gugus alkil yang terikat pada satu atom oksigen. Dengan demikian eter mempunyai rumus umum :<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">R-O-R'<br /></span><br />dimana R dan R1 adalah gugus alkil, boleh sama boleh tidak<br />Contoh :<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIKpTmDwAI/AAAAAAAAAso/mWInTct4reE/s1600/eter.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 336px; height: 61px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUIKpTmDwAI/AAAAAAAAAso/mWInTct4reE/s320/eter.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567023794134171650" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Penamaan Eter</span><br /> Ada dua cara penamaan senyawa-senyawa eter, yaitu :<br />1) Menurut IUPAC, eter diberi nama sesuai nama alkananya dengan awalan “alkoksi“ dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :<br />– rantai karbon terpendek yang mengikat gugus fungsi –O– ditetapkan sebagai gugus fungsi alkoksinya.<br />– rantai karbon yang lebih panjang diberi nama sesuai senyawa alkananya<br />2) Menurut aturan trivial, penamaan eter sebagai berikut : menyebutkan nama kedua gugus alkil yang mengapit gugus –O– kemudian diberi akiran eter.<br /> Contoh :<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">TATA NAMA ETER</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUILT8NLOqI/AAAAAAAAAsw/cW6Z73iOqZA/s1600/eter2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 422px; height: 144px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Wq8MvYVfPho/TUILT8NLOqI/AAAAAAAAAsw/cW6Z73iOqZA/s320/eter2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567024526590163618" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Sifat-Sifat Eter</span><br /> Berbeda dengan senyawa-senyawa alkohol, eter mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :<br />1) Titik didih rendah sehingga mudah menguap<br />2) Sulit larut dalam air, karena kepolarannya rendah<br />3) Sebagai pelarut yang baik senyawa-senyawa organik yang tak larut dalam air<br />4) Mudah terbakar<br />5) Pada umumnya bersifat racun<br />6) Bersifat anastetik (membius)<br />7) Eter sukar bereaksi, kecuali dengan asam halida kuat (HI dan H Br)<br /> R – O – R1 + HX ---> R – O – H + RX<br /> Dengan ketentuan :<br />– gugus alkil yang panjang yang membentuk alkohol<br />– gugus alkil yang pendek membentuk alkil halida<br /> Contoh :<br /> CH3 – O – CH2 – CH3 + H Br ---> CH3 – CH2 – OH + CH3Br<br /> Metoksi etana<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ...........</span>As. Bromida<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ....</span>Etanol Bromo<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.........</span> Metana<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Kegunaan Eter</span><br />Senyawa-senyawa eter yang umum digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara lain :<br />1) Dietil eter (etoksi etana) biasanya digunakan sebagai pelarut senyawa-senyawa organik.<br />Selain itu dietil eter banyak digunakan sebagai zat arestesi (obat bius) di rumah sakit.<br />2) MTBE (Metil Tertier Butil Eter)<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">............</span>CH3<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.............</span>|<br /> CH3 – C – O – CH3<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">............</span>|<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">..........</span>CH3<br />Senyawa eter ini digunakan untuk menaikan angka oktan besin menggantikan kedudukan TEL/TML, sehingga diperoleh bensin yang ramah lingkungan. Sebab tidak menghasilkan debu timbal (Pb<sup>2+</sup>) seperti bila digunakan TEL/TML.Maria Sundus RWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11680555480029493974noreply@blogger.com15